Computers Show How Plants Grow

Plant Physiology ... Scope The field of plant physiology includes the study of all the internal activities of plants—those chemical and physical processes associated with life as they occur in plants... To function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms... Because they cannot move, plants must also defend themselves chemically from herbivores, pathogens and competition from other plants...

Evolutionary History Of Plants ... By the middle of the Devonian Period most of the features recognised in plants today are present, including roots, leaves and secondary wood, and by late Devonian times seeds had evolved... Late Devonian plants had thereby reached a degree of sophistication that allowed them to form forests of tall trees...

Italian Renaissance Garden ... In the late Renaissance, the gardens became larger, grander and more symmetrical, and were filled with fountains, statues, grottoes, water organs and other features designed to delight their owners and amuse and impress visitors. The style was imitated throughout Europe, influencing the gardens of the French Renaissance and the English garden...

Plant Hormone ... Hormones are vital to plant growth, and, lacking them, plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells... They are used to regulate the growth of cultivated plants, weeds, and in vitro-grown plants and plant cells; these manmade compounds are called Plant Growth Regulators or PGRs for short...

Medieval Gardening ... For the purposes of this article, the European medieval era will be considered to span from 400 to 1400 CE, though appropriate references may be made to earlier and later times. Gardening is the deliberate cultivation of plants herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables...

Hedge ... Many hedgerows separating fields from lanes in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Low Countries are estimated to have been in existence for more than seven hundred years, originating in the medieval period. The root word of 'hedge' is much older: it appears in the Old English language, in German (Hecke), and Dutch (haag) to mean 'enclosure', as in the name of the Dutch city The Hague, or more formally 's Gravenhage, meaning The Count's hedge...

Sustainable Biofuel ... The challenge is to support biofuel development, including the development of new cellulosic technologies, with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is sustainable. Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and Asia...

Tree Worship ... The image of the Tree of life is also a favourite in many mythologies. Various forms of trees of life also appear in folklore, culture and fiction, often relating to immortality or fertility...

Photosynthesis ... Eventually, no later than a billion years ago, one of these protists formed a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium, producing the ancestor of many plants and algae...

Biological Dispersal ... Biological dispersal may be contrasted with geodispersal, which is the mixing of previously isolated populations (or whole biotas) following the erosion of geographic barriers to dispersal or gene flow (Lieberman, 2005; Albert and Reis, 2011). Types of dispersal At some time during its life, an organism, whether animal or plant, moves, or is moved, so that it or its offspring do not die exactly where they were born...

History Of Gardening ... After the emergence of the first civilizations, wealthy individuals began to create gardens for purely aesthetic purposes. Egyptian tomb paintings of the 1500s BC are some of the earliest physical evidence of ornamental horticulture and landscape design; they depict lotus ponds surrounded by symmetrical rows of acacias and palms...

Light-dependent Reactions ... The light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membrane inside a chloroplast. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place...

Flower ... These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species...

Algae ... Though the prokaryotic cyanobacteria (commonly referred to as blue-green algae) were traditionally included as "algae" in older textbooks, many modern sources regard this as outdated as they are now considered to be bacteria. The term algae is now restricted to eukaryotic organisms...

Lawn ... The term lawn, referring to a managed grass space, dates to no earlier than the 16th century. Tied to suburban expansion and the creation of the household aesthetic, the lawn is an important aspect of the interaction between the natural environment and the constructed urban and suburban space...

Carbon Fixation ... Carbon concentrating mechanisms C4 dicarboxylic acid cycle Some plants have adapted the anaplerotic pathway CO2 + H2O → HCO3- + H+ pyruvate + ATP + Pi → PEP + AMP + PPi HCO3- + H+ + PEP → oxaloacetate + Pi for use in inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms... C4 plants C4 plants preface the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into one of the 4-carbon compounds, malic acid or aspartic acid... Tropical grasses, such as sugar cane and maize are C4 plants, but there are many broadleaf plants that are C4...

Tree ... The majority of tree species grow in tropical regions of the world and many of these areas have not been surveyed yet by botanists, making species diversity and ranges poorly understood.t The earliest tree-like organisms were tree ferns, horsetails and lycophytes, which grew in forests in the Carboniferous period, however these were plants were not trees, since they lacked woody tissue... Trees evolved in the Triassic period, with conifers, ginkgos, cycads and other gymnosperms appeared producing woody tissue, and were subsequently followed by tree-form flowering plants in the Cretaceous period...

Botany ... Plants are essential as food and for all people and also as recreation for people who enjoy gardening, horticulture, and culinary arts... History Early botany The history of botany begins with ancient writings on, and classifications of, plants...

Lycopodiophyta ... Fossils ascribed to the Lycopodiophyta first appear in the Silurian period, along with a number of other vascular plants...

Plant Life-form ... Plant construction types may be used in a broader sense to emcompass planktophytes, benthophytes (mainly algae) and terrestrial plants... History The term life-form was first coined by Eugenius Warming ("livsform") in his 1895 book Plantesamfund, but was translated to "growthform" in the 1909 English version Oecology of Plants... The classification was based on his meticulous observations while raising wild plants from seed in the Copenhagen Botanical Garden...

Plant Pathology ... The fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually via the production of spores and other structures. Spores may be spread long distances by air or water, or they may be soil borne...

Gardening ... Gardening ranges in scale from fruit orchards, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, to residential yards including lawns and foundation plantings, to plants in large or small containers grown inside or outside... Gardening may be very specialized, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a large number of different plants in mixed plantings...